Aplicación de herramientas moleculares para el mejoramiento genético de pasturas
Resumen
Objetivo: Fundamentar la importancia de la aplicación de herramientas moleculares en los programas de mejoramiento genético de pasturas.
Materiales y Métodos: Se consultaron y analizaron 59 artículos, que abordan los métodos basados en biología molecular (marcadores genéticos, tecnología CRISPR y citogenética molecular), disponibles en bases de datos (Google académico, Dialnet, Redalyc, SciELO, REDIB, DOAJ y Latindex), con el propósito de obtener información acerca de su aplicación en la mejora genética de pastos.
Resultados: Se recopiló información acerca de los principales marcadores moleculares (microsatélites, ADN polimórfico amplificado aleatoriamente, polimorfismo de un solo nucleótido, polimorfismo de longitud de fragmento amplificado), utilizados para analizar la diversidad genética en pastos. Se investigó cuáles resultan más efectivos y versátiles. Se constató que el fenómeno de la apomixis se puede utilizar para mantener el vigor híbrido en líneas de pastos y que los marcadores moleculares contribuyen a identificar plantas apomícticas en edades tempranas. Se fundamentó que la tecnología CRISPR (repeticiones palindrómicas cortas agrupadas y regularmente espaciadas) se puede aplicar en especies de pasturas para mejorar atributos agronómicos.
Conclusiones: Los marcadores moleculares, especialmente SNPs, son ideales para estudios de diversidad genética en pastos y para la identificación de plantas apomícticas a edades tempranas. La tecnología de edición genómica CRISPR constituye una herramienta versátil y aplicable en pastos.
Citas
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Henderson, S. T.; Johnson, Susan D.; Eichmann, J. & Koltunow, Anna M. G. Genetic analyses of the inheritance and expressivity of autonomous endosperm formation in Hieracium with different modes of embryo sac and seed formation. Ann. Bot. 119 (6):1001-1010, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw262.
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Ahmar, S.; Gill, R. A.; Jung, K.-H.; Faheem, A.; Qasim, M. U.; Mubeen, M. et al. Conventional and molecular techniques from simple breeding to speed breeding in crop plants. Recent advances and future outlook. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21 (7):2590, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21072590.
Barcaccia, G.; Arzenton, F.; Sharbel, T.; Varotto, S.; Parrini, P. & Lucchin, M. Genetic diversity and reproductive biology in ecotypes of the facultative apomict Hypericum perforatum L. Heredity. 96 (4):322-334, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.hdy.6800808.
Blackmore, T.; Thomas, I.; McMahon, R.; Powell, W. & Hegarty, M. Genetic-geographic correlation revealed across a broad European ecotypic sample of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) using array-based SNP genotyping. Theor. Appl. Genet. 128:1917-1932, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-015-2556-3.
Bluma-Marques, A. C.; Chiari, L.; Agnes, D. C.; Jank, L. & Pagliarini, M. S. Molecular markers linked to apomixis in Panicum maximum Jacq. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 13 (22):2198-2202, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2014.13703.
Capstaff, N. M. & Miller, A. J. Improving the yield and nutritional quality of forage crops. Front Plant Sci. 9:535, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00535.
Carrodeguas-Gonzalez, Ayerin & Zuñiga-Orozco, A. Bases para la mejora genética en Gerbera hybrida. Repert. Cient. 23 (2):51-62, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22458/rc.v23i2.3000.
Catanach, A. S.; Erasmuson, Sylvia K.; Podivinsky, Ellen; Jordan, B. R. & Bicknell, R. Deletion mapping of genetic regions associated with apomixis in Hieracium. PNAS. 103 (49):18650-18655, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.10737pnas.0605588103.
Chen, T.; Yang, Q.; Gruber, Margaret; Kang, J.; Sun, Y.; Ding, W. et al. Expression of an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) ethylene response factor gene MsERF8 in tobacco plants enhances resistance to salinity. Mol. Biol. Rep. 39 (5):6067-6075, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-011-1421-y.
Collard, B. C. Y. & Mackill, D. J. Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century. Philos. T. Roy. Soc. A. 363 (1491):557-572, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2170.
Concepción-Hernández, Mairenys. CRISPR/Cas: aplicaciones y perspectivas para el mejoramiento genético de plantas. Biotecnol. Veg. 18 (3):135-149. https://revista.ibp.co.cu/index.php/BV/article/view/585/html, 2018.
Conne, J. A.; Mookkan, M.; Huo, H.; Chae, K. & Ozias-Akins, Peggy. A parthenogenesis gene of apomict origin elicits embryo formation from unfertilized eggs in a sexual plant. PNAS. 112 (36):11205-11210, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/doi:10.1073/pnas.1505856112.
Fiaz, S.; Wang, X.; Younas, A.; Alharthi, B.; Riaz, A. & Ali, H. Apomixis and strategies to induce apomixis to preserve hybrid vigor for multiple generations. GM Crops Food. 12 (1):57-70, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/21645698.2020.1808423.
Garbus, Ingrid; Romero, J. R.; Selva, J. P.; Pasten, María C.; Chinestra, Carolina; Carballo, J. et al. De novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly from apomictic and sexual Eragrostis curvula genotypes. PLoS One. 12:e0185595, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185595.
Ghariani, S.; Elazreg, H.; Chtourou-Ghorbel, N.; Chakroun, M. & Trifi-Farah, N. Genetic diversity analysis in Tunisian perennial ryegrass germplasm as estimated by RAPD, ISSR, and morpho-agronomical markers. Genet. Mol. Res. 14 (4):18523-18533, 2015. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4238/2015.December.23.40.
Hamouda, M. Molecular analysis of genetic diversity in population of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn in Egypt. J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol. 17 (1):12, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s43141-019-0011-6.
Henderson, S. T.; Johnson, Susan D.; Eichmann, J. & Koltunow, Anna M. G. Genetic analyses of the inheritance and expressivity of autonomous endosperm formation in Hieracium with different modes of embryo sac and seed formation. Ann. Bot. 119 (6):1001-1010, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcw262.
Hojsgaard, D.; Klatt, Simone; Baier, R.; Carman, J. G. & Hörandl, Elvira. Taxonomy and biogeography of apomixis in angiosperms and associated biodiversity characteristics. Crit Rev Plant Sci. 33 (5):414-427, 2014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07352689.2014.898488.
Jiang, L. F. Diversity of Lolium multiflorum L based on SRAP markers worldwide. Prataculture Anim. Husbandry. 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.2096-3971.2017.03.002.
Kaushal, P.; Dwivedi, K. K.; Radhakrishna, A.; Srivastava, M. K.; Kumar, V.; Roy, A. K. et al. Partitioning apomixis components to understand and utilize gametophytic apomixis. Front Plant Sci. 10:256, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00256.
Khanday, I.; Skinner, D.; Yang, B.; Mercier, R. & Sundaresan, V. A male-expressed rice embryogenic trigger redirected for asexual propagation through seeds. Nature. 565:91-95, 2019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0785-8.
Kuwi, S. O.; Kyalo, M.; Mutai, C. K.; Mwilawa, A.; Hanson, J. & Djikeng, A. et al. Genetic diversity and population structure of Urochloa grass accessions from Tanzania using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Braz. J. Bot. 41:699-709, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40415-018-0482-8.
Li, Z.; Long, R.; Zhang, T.; Wang, Z.; Zhang, F.; Yang, Q. et al. Molecular cloning and functional analysis of the drought tolerance gene MsHSP70 from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). J. Plant Res. 130 (2):387-396, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-017-0905-9.
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Publicado
2021-10-28
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CARRODEGUAS-GONZALEZ, Ayerin; ZÚÑIGA-OROZCO, Andrés.
Aplicación de herramientas moleculares para el mejoramiento genético de pasturas.
Pastos y Forrajes, [S.l.], v. 44, oct. 2021.
ISSN 2078-8452.
Disponible en: <https://payfo.ihatuey.cu/index.php?journal=pasto&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=2243>. Fecha de acceso: 03 jul. 2024
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